1. What is PDRN?

PDRN (Polydeoxyribonucleotide) is a DNA fragment extracted and purified from salmon sperm cells. Its structure is highly similar to human DNA (up to 98% homology), offering excellent biocompatibility without triggering immune rejection or foreign body reactions. As a result, it has gained significant attention in the fields of medical aesthetics and regenerative medicine.

2. Mechanism of Action: The Adenosine Receptor Pathway and Cellular Repair

The core mechanism of PDRN is closely linked to the "adenosine–adenosine receptor" signaling pathway. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that is released in large quantities under conditions of tissue damage or hypoxia, playing a key role in energy balance regulation and repair initiation.

There are four types of adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) in humans, among which the A2A receptor is the most abundantly expressed in the skin. PDRN is taken up by cells and broken down into adenosine, which specifically activates the A2A receptors located on the cell membrane. These receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, and their activation triggers intracellular signaling cascades that regulate multiple repair-related physiological processes.

3. Key Biological Effects of PDRN

Upon activating the A2A receptor, PDRN exerts its reparative functions through the following mechanisms:

(1) Promotion of Cell Proliferation and Repair

Significantly enhances the proliferation of fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and other cells, accelerating the regeneration of soft tissues and skin structures.

(2) Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Reduces inflammatory cell infiltration by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) and increasing anti-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-10), thereby improving the wound healing microenvironment.

(3) Stimulation of Angiogenesis and Improved Microcirculation

Upregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promoting new blood vessel formation and enhancing blood perfusion and oxygen supply to support tissue recovery.

(4) Acceleration of Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration

Comprehensively enhances the trauma repair process, shortens recovery time, and improves healing quality, making it suitable for various types of skin damage and post-procedure recovery.

4. Safety Profile and Research Support

The efficacy and safety of PDRN are supported by extensive research:

(1) To date, over 600 in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have confirmed its effectiveness and safety;

(2) Even at concentrations as high as 3% (as referenced in the 2021 edition of the Catalog of Cosmetic Ingredients), it demonstrates excellent tolerability;

(3) It is widely used in medical aesthetics, including skin regeneration, repair products, hydro-facial therapy, and post-procedure recovery, with significant results and minimal risks.

In Conclusion, PDRN leverages a dual mechanism of "biological signal activation + raw material supply" by mimicking and enhancing the body’s innate adenosine-mediated repair pathway. It efficiently and safely delivers anti-inflammatory, pro-regenerative, and wound-healing effects. As such, PDRN is not only an innovative ingredient in medical aesthetics but also a well-supported scientific tool in regenerative medicine.